In acting as a constraint and an enabler, transport can both exacerbate and alleviate social inequalities. People can be excluded from the opportunities available to others both spatially due to areas experiencing varying levels of deprivation and through unmet demand, where the travel needs of particular groups are not adequately catered for. Of course people can belong to a number of social groups, such as black and minority ethnic, women, children, disabled people, lesbian and gay people, and therefore experience a combination of excluding factors.



The intensity of urban areas results in a set northface outlet berkeley of transport problems that are distinct from rural areas. In particular, traffic congestion can have very negative impacts including noise and airborne pollution and disruption of urban communities through road building. Transport planners and policymakers in the UK and Europe have attempted various solutions including encouraging car drivers to switch to public transport by improving comfort and reliability and discouraging car use through congestion charging.



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